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	<title>Comments on: I mean, say what you like about the tenets of Critical Anthropology, Dude, at least it&#8217;s an ethos</title>
	<atom:link href="/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/</link>
	<description>Notes and Queries in Anthropology</description>
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		<title>By: maniaku</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703755</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[maniaku]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Jan 2011 22:47:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703755</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Well, the article about Butler was interesting. And also a bit troubling. This is for the fact that it was entirely based on the premise that 1) feminism is being unduly influenced by (quote) &quot;French postmodern thought&quot; 2) that this &quot;French postmodern thought&quot; is primarily represented in the form of the work of Michel Foucault 3) and that the posterchild of this new feminism is Judith Butler. This is all the while assuming (as most feminists do) that feminism is by definition activist (including the feminism of Butler) and therefore the question is whether Butler and her ilk are pursuing the best and most effective form of activism towards their (feminists) goals (the author thinks Butler is not). I also didn&#039;t notice it actually question Butler&#039;s real intervention in actual activism of real events and so on (it sticks pretty closely to analyzing her written work and its theoretical implications). I admit I don&#039;t know her involvements that well myself, though I was under the impression they were quite substantial. We could go into Haraway too I suppose. But anyway, I was reminded of a joke I remember reading (and looked up through google to find a post on language log).

Question to Radio Yerevan: Is it correct that Grigori Grigorievich Grigoriev won a luxury car at the All-Union Championship in Moscow?

Answer: In principle, yes. But first of all it was not Grigori Grigorievich Grigoriev, but Vassili Vassilievich Vassiliev; second, it was not at the All-Union Championship in Moscow, but at a Collective Farm Sports Festival in Smolensk; third, it was not a car, but a bicycle; and fourth he didn&#039;t win it, but rather it was stolen from him.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well, the article about Butler was interesting. And also a bit troubling. This is for the fact that it was entirely based on the premise that 1) feminism is being unduly influenced by (quote) &#8220;French postmodern thought&#8221; 2) that this &#8220;French postmodern thought&#8221; is primarily represented in the form of the work of Michel Foucault 3) and that the posterchild of this new feminism is Judith Butler. This is all the while assuming (as most feminists do) that feminism is by definition activist (including the feminism of Butler) and therefore the question is whether Butler and her ilk are pursuing the best and most effective form of activism towards their (feminists) goals (the author thinks Butler is not). I also didn&#8217;t notice it actually question Butler&#8217;s real intervention in actual activism of real events and so on (it sticks pretty closely to analyzing her written work and its theoretical implications). I admit I don&#8217;t know her involvements that well myself, though I was under the impression they were quite substantial. We could go into Haraway too I suppose. But anyway, I was reminded of a joke I remember reading (and looked up through google to find a post on language log).</p>
<p>Question to Radio Yerevan: Is it correct that Grigori Grigorievich Grigoriev won a luxury car at the All-Union Championship in Moscow?</p>
<p>Answer: In principle, yes. But first of all it was not Grigori Grigorievich Grigoriev, but Vassili Vassilievich Vassiliev; second, it was not at the All-Union Championship in Moscow, but at a Collective Farm Sports Festival in Smolensk; third, it was not a car, but a bicycle; and fourth he didn&#8217;t win it, but rather it was stolen from him.</p>
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		<title>By: L Moore</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703753</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[L Moore]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Jan 2011 21:09:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703753</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Understanding antimoderism adds to this discussion as well. Arthur Verlius disccusses other levels of activism including terrorism. 

http://www.arthurversluis.com/Antimodernism.pdf
“Antimodernism,” in Telos 137 (2006): 96-130.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Understanding antimoderism adds to this discussion as well. Arthur Verlius disccusses other levels of activism including terrorism. </p>
<p><a href="http://www.arthurversluis.com/Antimodernism.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.arthurversluis.com/Antimodernism.pdf</a><br />
“Antimodernism,” in Telos 137 (2006): 96-130.</p>
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		<title>By: Barbara Piper</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703752</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Barbara Piper]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Jan 2011 20:45:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703752</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[@rex:

&quot;the only intervention I’d make — other than going back and making sure I spell Tyler’s name correctly! &quot;

Haraway deserves the same courtesy.

Your point about the posturing is well-taken!]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@rex:</p>
<p>&#8220;the only intervention I’d make — other than going back and making sure I spell Tyler’s name correctly! &#8221;</p>
<p>Haraway deserves the same courtesy.</p>
<p>Your point about the posturing is well-taken!</p>
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		<title>By: Rex</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703749</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Rex]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Jan 2011 17:55:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703749</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Thanks for the comments all. I think the only intervention I&#039;d make -- other than going back and making sure I spell Tyler&#039;s name correctly! -- is to make a point about offering Harraway and Butler as examples of scholars who are both &#039;political&#039; and &#039;postmodern&#039;. I am sure that many people like Scholte would say that these sorts of authors are not actively political and a good example of the tendency to reduce politics to academic posturing. If you have not seen it, you might want to check out Martha Nussbaum&#039;s &quot;The Professor of Parody&quot;, which is an extended critique of Judith Butler. I am not saying that _I_ personally would buy this argument, but it is one that could be made.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks for the comments all. I think the only intervention I&#8217;d make &#8212; other than going back and making sure I spell Tyler&#8217;s name correctly! &#8212; is to make a point about offering Harraway and Butler as examples of scholars who are both &#8216;political&#8217; and &#8216;postmodern&#8217;. I am sure that many people like Scholte would say that these sorts of authors are not actively political and a good example of the tendency to reduce politics to academic posturing. If you have not seen it, you might want to check out Martha Nussbaum&#8217;s &#8220;The Professor of Parody&#8221;, which is an extended critique of Judith Butler. I am not saying that _I_ personally would buy this argument, but it is one that could be made.</p>
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		<title>By: John McCreery</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703746</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[John McCreery]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Jan 2011 15:18:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703746</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&lt;blockquote&gt;For Hitler and Boas at least one of the points of divergence would seem to be the definition of that which constitutes benefit or injury to the community.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

This is a wise and important observation. It reminds me of Richard Rorty&#039;s observation that the theories of language articulated by John Dewey, an American social democrat, and Martin Heidegger, a German Nazi, are very similar. Rorty&#039;s larger point is that there is no necessary connection between theories of this or that and the political positions of those who propose them.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>For Hitler and Boas at least one of the points of divergence would seem to be the definition of that which constitutes benefit or injury to the community.</p></blockquote>
<p>This is a wise and important observation. It reminds me of Richard Rorty&#8217;s observation that the theories of language articulated by John Dewey, an American social democrat, and Martin Heidegger, a German Nazi, are very similar. Rorty&#8217;s larger point is that there is no necessary connection between theories of this or that and the political positions of those who propose them.</p>
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		<title>By: MTBradley</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703745</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[MTBradley]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Jan 2011 14:32:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703745</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&lt;blockquote&gt;
		“There is no such thing as truth. Science is a social phenomenon and like every other social phenomenon is limited by the benefit or injury it confers on the community.”
	&lt;/blockquote&gt;

	Hmmm… There must be a German Romantic thing going on here. My understanding of the Boasians’ take on science is that good science and good for the community were of a piece. The original post that got caught in the spam filters amounted to this: If moral certainty and empirical confidence are where National Socialism and Critical Anthropology meet where do they diverge? For Hitler and Boas at least one of the points of divergence would seem to be the definition of that which constitutes benefit or injury to the community.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>
		“There is no such thing as truth. Science is a social phenomenon and like every other social phenomenon is limited by the benefit or injury it confers on the community.”
	</p></blockquote>
<p>	Hmmm… There must be a German Romantic thing going on here. My understanding of the Boasians’ take on science is that good science and good for the community were of a piece. The original post that got caught in the spam filters amounted to this: If moral certainty and empirical confidence are where National Socialism and Critical Anthropology meet where do they diverge? For Hitler and Boas at least one of the points of divergence would seem to be the definition of that which constitutes benefit or injury to the community.</p>
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		<title>By: Barbara Piper</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703744</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Barbara Piper]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Jan 2011 13:03:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703744</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[@michael e. smith:

I was curious about Soja&#039;s book Postmodern Geographies, and found this comment in a review: &quot;If postmodernism is a rejection of the metanarratives of modernism (as it is in part according to Lyotard) then the type of geography that Soja is describing is not very postmodern. &quot;Postmodern Geographies&quot; questions but ultimately deifies Marx, and in doing so celebrates the inter-era significance of one of the most rigid and deterministic metanaritives [sic].&quot;

Up-dated marxism is about as far from postmodernism as one can get.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@michael e. smith:</p>
<p>I was curious about Soja&#8217;s book Postmodern Geographies, and found this comment in a review: &#8220;If postmodernism is a rejection of the metanarratives of modernism (as it is in part according to Lyotard) then the type of geography that Soja is describing is not very postmodern. &#8220;Postmodern Geographies&#8221; questions but ultimately deifies Marx, and in doing so celebrates the inter-era significance of one of the most rigid and deterministic metanaritives [sic].&#8221;</p>
<p>Up-dated marxism is about as far from postmodernism as one can get.</p>
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		<title>By: Barbara Piper</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703743</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Barbara Piper]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Jan 2011 12:55:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703743</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Thanks, Michael -- I think I can safely say that Soja doesn&#039;t know enough about poststructuralism to make such a silly statement. You may quote me on that in future forum discussions.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks, Michael &#8212; I think I can safely say that Soja doesn&#8217;t know enough about poststructuralism to make such a silly statement. You may quote me on that in future forum discussions.</p>
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		<title>By: Michael E. Smith</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703720</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Michael E. Smith]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 21:18:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703720</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[@MTBradley - for a clever Nazi quote, how about this postmodern gem from Adolf Hitler:

&quot;There is no such thing as truth. Science is a social phenomenon and like every other social phenomenon is limited by the benefit or injury it confers on the community.&quot;

I got this from Glyn Daniel (1962). The Idea of Prehistory, p. 147.


@Barbara Piper - on poststructuralism vs. postmodernism. As a theory-challenged materialist archaeologist, I hesitate to get involved in such rarified topics (that I really don&#039;t understand), but hey this is just a blog:  According to postmodernist geographer Edward Soja, poststructuralism is merely a &quot;safer sounding label&quot; for postmodernism. (Soja, &quot;Postmodernism in Geography, 2001, Int. Encycl Soc. Behav Sciences, p. 11863).]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@MTBradley &#8211; for a clever Nazi quote, how about this postmodern gem from Adolf Hitler:</p>
<p>&#8220;There is no such thing as truth. Science is a social phenomenon and like every other social phenomenon is limited by the benefit or injury it confers on the community.&#8221;</p>
<p>I got this from Glyn Daniel (1962). The Idea of Prehistory, p. 147.</p>
<p>@Barbara Piper &#8211; on poststructuralism vs. postmodernism. As a theory-challenged materialist archaeologist, I hesitate to get involved in such rarified topics (that I really don&#8217;t understand), but hey this is just a blog:  According to postmodernist geographer Edward Soja, poststructuralism is merely a &#8220;safer sounding label&#8221; for postmodernism. (Soja, &#8220;Postmodernism in Geography, 2001, Int. Encycl Soc. Behav Sciences, p. 11863).</p>
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		<title>By: Barbara Piper</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703719</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Barbara Piper]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 18:39:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703719</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Actually, that was too flippant -- the cyborg trope may in fact be closer to a genuine &#039;postmodern&#039; notion, a kind of biotechnological bricolage in which the Body is erased and bodies are composable. I haven&#039;t read that essay in years, but most of Haraway&#039;s work has a political sensitivity that would be out of place to postmodernism.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Actually, that was too flippant &#8212; the cyborg trope may in fact be closer to a genuine &#8216;postmodern&#8217; notion, a kind of biotechnological bricolage in which the Body is erased and bodies are composable. I haven&#8217;t read that essay in years, but most of Haraway&#8217;s work has a political sensitivity that would be out of place to postmodernism.</p>
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		<title>By: Barbara Piper</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703717</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Barbara Piper]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 16:30:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703717</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&quot;But just read the cyborg manifesto and note the number of times she uses the term “postmodern”, and uses it to refer to her own position.&quot;

She is incorrect. It happens.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;But just read the cyborg manifesto and note the number of times she uses the term “postmodern”, and uses it to refer to her own position.&#8221;</p>
<p>She is incorrect. It happens.</p>
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		<title>By: maniaku</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703716</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[maniaku]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 16:13:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703716</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Can&#039;t post the quote for some reason. But just read the cyborg manifesto and note the number of times she uses the term &quot;postmodern&quot;, and uses it to refer to her own position.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Can&#8217;t post the quote for some reason. But just read the cyborg manifesto and note the number of times she uses the term &#8220;postmodern&#8221;, and uses it to refer to her own position.</p>
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		<title>By: maniaku</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703715</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[maniaku]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 16:04:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703715</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Technological determination is only one ideological space opened up by the reconceptions of machine and organism as coded texts through which we engage in the play of writing and reading the world.3 &#039;Textualization&#039; of everything in poststructuralist, postmodernist theory has been damned by Marxists and socialist feminists for its utopian disregard for the lived relations of domination that ground the &#039;play&#039; of arbitrary reading.4 It is certainly true that postmodernist strategies, like my cyborg myth, subvert myriad organic wholes (for example, the poem, the primitive culture, the biological organism). In short, the certainty of what counts as nature -- a

 

153

source of insight and promise of innocence -- is undermined, probably fatally. The transcendent authorization of interpretation is lost, and with it the ontology grounding &#039;Western&#039; epistemology. But the alternative is not cynicism or faithlessness, that is, some version of abstract existence, like the accounts of technological determinism destroying &#039;man&#039; by the &#039;machine&#039; or &#039;meaningful political action&#039; by the &#039;text&#039;. Who cyborgs will be is a radical question; the answers are a matter of survival. Both chimpanzees and artefacts have politics, so why shouldn&#039;t we (de Waal, 1982; Winner, 1980)?]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Technological determination is only one ideological space opened up by the reconceptions of machine and organism as coded texts through which we engage in the play of writing and reading the world.3 &#8216;Textualization&#8217; of everything in poststructuralist, postmodernist theory has been damned by Marxists and socialist feminists for its utopian disregard for the lived relations of domination that ground the &#8216;play&#8217; of arbitrary reading.4 It is certainly true that postmodernist strategies, like my cyborg myth, subvert myriad organic wholes (for example, the poem, the primitive culture, the biological organism). In short, the certainty of what counts as nature &#8212; a</p>
<p>153</p>
<p>source of insight and promise of innocence &#8212; is undermined, probably fatally. The transcendent authorization of interpretation is lost, and with it the ontology grounding &#8216;Western&#8217; epistemology. But the alternative is not cynicism or faithlessness, that is, some version of abstract existence, like the accounts of technological determinism destroying &#8216;man&#8217; by the &#8216;machine&#8217; or &#8216;meaningful political action&#8217; by the &#8216;text&#8217;. Who cyborgs will be is a radical question; the answers are a matter of survival. Both chimpanzees and artefacts have politics, so why shouldn&#8217;t we (de Waal, 1982; Winner, 1980)?</p>
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		<title>By: MTBradley</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703712</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[MTBradley]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 15:49:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703712</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I have tried multiple times to post something clever regarding the comparison of Nazis and anthropologists but it does not appear. Perhaps the in-joke was missed. Sigh.

I labor under the assumption that post-structuralist thought is defined as such by way of its origin as a direct challenge to the underpinnings of structuralism. I have long taken postmodernism to be a term identifying either the black hats or white hats of the Science Wars. YMMV.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I have tried multiple times to post something clever regarding the comparison of Nazis and anthropologists but it does not appear. Perhaps the in-joke was missed. Sigh.</p>
<p>I labor under the assumption that post-structuralist thought is defined as such by way of its origin as a direct challenge to the underpinnings of structuralism. I have long taken postmodernism to be a term identifying either the black hats or white hats of the Science Wars. YMMV.</p>
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		<title>By: Barbara Piper</title>
		<link>/2010/12/30/i-mean-say-what-you-like-about-the-tenets-of-critical-anthropology-dude-at-least-its-an-ethos/comment-page-1/#comment-703711</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Barbara Piper]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2011 15:06:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=4705#comment-703711</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[When I teach the subject, I start with the recognition that all observations are made from a position. This is the starting point of both postmodernist and poststructuralist work, and part of the confusion between the two is that we have often assumed, blithely, that any recognition of the positionality of observations is, per force, “postmodern”. But we can trace two paths that extend from this starting point.

Postmodernists in fields such as architecture – where our contemporary use of the term began – first rejected the possibility of judging among the positions from which observations are made, and thus adopted that famous stance of incredulity toward master narratives, and explored the possibilities of mixing genres in building design. If we decline to say that this position or that position is somehow better, more valid, more true, then all positions are equally acceptable, even when mixed and blended. This is the point of the HRAF-as-postmodern-text argument. By jumbling together any and all mentions of ethnographic ‘data’ regardless of the source – missionaries, travelers, explorers, anthropologists, colonial officials, et al – HRAF suspends any judgment about the relative merit of these positions. My earlier point was that most anthropologists have been reluctant to adopt this come-what-may postmodernism, though the very few experiments that I know of, like Taussig’s “Shamanism…” have been interesting.

Poststructuralists, one the other hand, beginning with the same recognition of the positionality of observations, adopted a more critical stance toward the merits or value of positions, deconstructing (I use the term pointedly) the often implicit politics of the position. Malinowski’s Trobriand observations were male-centric, and were thus incomplete, even flawed until Weiner provided a female-centric position from which to make a new set of observations. Evans-Pritchard’s colonialism and primitivism led him to excise material from his Nuer ethnography, and his choice of photographs was driven in part by his homosexuality. And so on. When Donna Haraway developed her proposal that a racist colonial agenda in Africa was being recast as “primate studies”, I seriously doubt that she regarded this as merely a shift in positionality with no political consequences. By asking what is at stake in this or that conception of ‘gender’, Butler was not trivializing any and all positions.

Consequently, it’s hard to imagine that activism and postmodernism in the sense in which Lyotard explicated it – in his “report” to the Academy – are especially compatible, but human beings have great talent at managing cognitive dissonance. On the other hand, activism and poststructuralism are a close fit, and most anthropologists would be happy to side-step the criticisms that are often leveled against postmodernism. 

As for you, I’ll adopt that wonderfully postmodern expression that my kids use so often: whatever.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>When I teach the subject, I start with the recognition that all observations are made from a position. This is the starting point of both postmodernist and poststructuralist work, and part of the confusion between the two is that we have often assumed, blithely, that any recognition of the positionality of observations is, per force, “postmodern”. But we can trace two paths that extend from this starting point.</p>
<p>Postmodernists in fields such as architecture – where our contemporary use of the term began – first rejected the possibility of judging among the positions from which observations are made, and thus adopted that famous stance of incredulity toward master narratives, and explored the possibilities of mixing genres in building design. If we decline to say that this position or that position is somehow better, more valid, more true, then all positions are equally acceptable, even when mixed and blended. This is the point of the HRAF-as-postmodern-text argument. By jumbling together any and all mentions of ethnographic ‘data’ regardless of the source – missionaries, travelers, explorers, anthropologists, colonial officials, et al – HRAF suspends any judgment about the relative merit of these positions. My earlier point was that most anthropologists have been reluctant to adopt this come-what-may postmodernism, though the very few experiments that I know of, like Taussig’s “Shamanism…” have been interesting.</p>
<p>Poststructuralists, one the other hand, beginning with the same recognition of the positionality of observations, adopted a more critical stance toward the merits or value of positions, deconstructing (I use the term pointedly) the often implicit politics of the position. Malinowski’s Trobriand observations were male-centric, and were thus incomplete, even flawed until Weiner provided a female-centric position from which to make a new set of observations. Evans-Pritchard’s colonialism and primitivism led him to excise material from his Nuer ethnography, and his choice of photographs was driven in part by his homosexuality. And so on. When Donna Haraway developed her proposal that a racist colonial agenda in Africa was being recast as “primate studies”, I seriously doubt that she regarded this as merely a shift in positionality with no political consequences. By asking what is at stake in this or that conception of ‘gender’, Butler was not trivializing any and all positions.</p>
<p>Consequently, it’s hard to imagine that activism and postmodernism in the sense in which Lyotard explicated it – in his “report” to the Academy – are especially compatible, but human beings have great talent at managing cognitive dissonance. On the other hand, activism and poststructuralism are a close fit, and most anthropologists would be happy to side-step the criticisms that are often leveled against postmodernism. </p>
<p>As for you, I’ll adopt that wonderfully postmodern expression that my kids use so often: whatever.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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