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	<title>Comments on: Look on the bright side of life?</title>
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	<description>Notes and Queries in Anthropology</description>
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		<title>By: Nancy</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-521</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nancy]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2005 21:22:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-521</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Yes, reflexivity . . . I&#039;m a strong believer in it. To answer your question as to whether I made my reflections explicit, my M.A. thesis is at least half pure descriptive ethnography where I include myself as a full participant in the events and where I include discussion of reflections, both on-the-spot and &quot;in hindsight&quot;. I&#039;m also a strong adherent to experiential anthropology as described by Jean-Guy Goulet and others; this methodology allows for the incorporation of one&#039;s reflections as a learning process in the field and as a reaction to one&#039;s interactions with others. It also allows for full reflection on particular contexts within which interactions take place, thereby exposing the positionality of all participants, including the &quot;researcher/learner&quot;.
I&#039;m not sure that I agree that relativity is an illusion though; I think that it is still a valuable exercise to place things in their cultural contexts in an attempt to alleviate people&#039;s all-too-frequent push to judge things out of context according to the norms and mores of their own cultural backgrounds.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Yes, reflexivity . . . I&#8217;m a strong believer in it. To answer your question as to whether I made my reflections explicit, my M.A. thesis is at least half pure descriptive ethnography where I include myself as a full participant in the events and where I include discussion of reflections, both on-the-spot and &#8220;in hindsight&#8221;. I&#8217;m also a strong adherent to experiential anthropology as described by Jean-Guy Goulet and others; this methodology allows for the incorporation of one&#8217;s reflections as a learning process in the field and as a reaction to one&#8217;s interactions with others. It also allows for full reflection on particular contexts within which interactions take place, thereby exposing the positionality of all participants, including the &#8220;researcher/learner&#8221;.<br />
I&#8217;m not sure that I agree that relativity is an illusion though; I think that it is still a valuable exercise to place things in their cultural contexts in an attempt to alleviate people&#8217;s all-too-frequent push to judge things out of context according to the norms and mores of their own cultural backgrounds.</p>
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		<title>By: orange.</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-515</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[orange.]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2005 11:28:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-515</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&lt;i&gt;Nancy said &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;I think that we need to distinguish between the reactions that we have as individuals living in a particular place at a given time and the process of analysis that we undertake as anthros...&quot;&lt;/i&gt; 

Thank you Nancy, this is almost what I was trying to articulate and corresponds with my ´individual` understanding of objectivity and with my reading of Weberian terms of objectivity.  
Just, having a look at term ´individual perception`, ain`t this a mirror for the larger context ´culture`, which is represented in individual perceptions at certain locality at certain place in time? 
Did you make your reflection on your individual perception explicit in the anthropological analysis/describtion you wrote afterwards? 
In regards of anthropology`s inherent morality, 
it &lt;i&gt;is&lt;/i&gt; possible to make it explicit, you see she did it. This is not about relativism, which I consider an illusion, a construction, but about ´reflexivity`, that is tied to ´objectivity` in anthropology.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>Nancy said </i><i>&#8220;I think that we need to distinguish between the reactions that we have as individuals living in a particular place at a given time and the process of analysis that we undertake as anthros&#8230;&#8221;</i> </p>
<p>Thank you Nancy, this is almost what I was trying to articulate and corresponds with my ´individual` understanding of objectivity and with my reading of Weberian terms of objectivity.<br />
Just, having a look at term ´individual perception`, ain`t this a mirror for the larger context ´culture`, which is represented in individual perceptions at certain locality at certain place in time?<br />
Did you make your reflection on your individual perception explicit in the anthropological analysis/describtion you wrote afterwards?<br />
In regards of anthropology`s inherent morality,<br />
it <i>is</i> possible to make it explicit, you see she did it. This is not about relativism, which I consider an illusion, a construction, but about ´reflexivity`, that is tied to ´objectivity` in anthropology.</p>
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		<title>By: Nancy</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-506</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nancy]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 26 Jun 2005 13:44:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-506</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I agree with John to an extent; I think that we need to distinguish between the reactions that we have as individuals living in a particular place at a given time and the process of analysis that we undertake as anthros. While the former may, more often than not, influence the latter, an acknowledgement of these initial reactions informs a potential reader of a wider background and emotional context within which an &quot;ethnographic event&quot; may have taken place.

That being said, I felt OK telling a Cree friend that I felt he was being a hypocrite when he expressed prejudicial attitudes toward Inuit residents. While an analysis of Cree-Inuit tensions has to go beyond that, I freely admitted to my disappointment at learning this in my ethnographic description, specifically how I spent 2 weeks locked away in my room after finding this out, angry with my Cree hosts and not wanting to talk to anyone. When this obviously didn&#039;t lead to anything, I came out and tried to understand &quot;why&quot;.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I agree with John to an extent; I think that we need to distinguish between the reactions that we have as individuals living in a particular place at a given time and the process of analysis that we undertake as anthros. While the former may, more often than not, influence the latter, an acknowledgement of these initial reactions informs a potential reader of a wider background and emotional context within which an &#8220;ethnographic event&#8221; may have taken place.</p>
<p>That being said, I felt OK telling a Cree friend that I felt he was being a hypocrite when he expressed prejudicial attitudes toward Inuit residents. While an analysis of Cree-Inuit tensions has to go beyond that, I freely admitted to my disappointment at learning this in my ethnographic description, specifically how I spent 2 weeks locked away in my room after finding this out, angry with my Cree hosts and not wanting to talk to anyone. When this obviously didn&#8217;t lead to anything, I came out and tried to understand &#8220;why&#8221;.</p>
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		<title>By: John Ryan</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-505</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[John Ryan]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 26 Jun 2005 10:46:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-505</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[If we are to study as participants, actors, individuals in a society and not as external observers, as has been tried in the past, then i think these things MUST be said, at least in one&#039;s personal journals if not sometimes aload in the immediate setting.  By taking so much from the people being studied; emotions, opinions, ideas and cosmology, we owe it to them, in a sense, to at least return our own personal thoughts and ideas.  If knowledge really is the result of experience and always encorporates all actors involved, then how are we to provide a true representation of any situation without admitting, and then discussing and analyzing, the anthropologist&#039;s emotional response to his/her study?

Maybe our &quot;screen personality&quot; is a convenient way to mask our inner reactions which would make our research seem ethnocentric if it was admitted.  We are only doing ourselves a disservice by trying to suppress thoughts and feelings, however intellectually distasteful we may find them, that we are experiencing.

If one wants to study a community as an external observer, so be it.  But a more resourceful subject of study, in my opinion, is the interaction between cultures that takes place, the hierarchy implicit in the researchers presence, the emotional reactions, &lt;b&gt;on both sides&lt;/b&gt;, between researcher and researched.  Let&#039;s study the personal experiences of people&#039;s interactions, as people in a global context, without separation between researcher and subject, and see what they have to offer us. 

Malinowski&#039;s journals are fascinating because they offer a deeper view into the whole experience of the time and place where they were written.  If anthropologists want to really practice cultural-relativism let&#039;s stop acting like we&#039;ll somehow disrupt a fragile culture with our advanced ideas of human rights and individual freedom and start acting like we&#039;re people too, as ignorant as anyone else, with different ideas that are no more valid than those we&#039;re studying. We&#039;re full of emotional reactions, which are often the result of the same processes we are trying to study, and by protecting people from them we&#039;re only implying that our thoughts are somehow superior.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If we are to study as participants, actors, individuals in a society and not as external observers, as has been tried in the past, then i think these things MUST be said, at least in one&#8217;s personal journals if not sometimes aload in the immediate setting.  By taking so much from the people being studied; emotions, opinions, ideas and cosmology, we owe it to them, in a sense, to at least return our own personal thoughts and ideas.  If knowledge really is the result of experience and always encorporates all actors involved, then how are we to provide a true representation of any situation without admitting, and then discussing and analyzing, the anthropologist&#8217;s emotional response to his/her study?</p>
<p>Maybe our &#8220;screen personality&#8221; is a convenient way to mask our inner reactions which would make our research seem ethnocentric if it was admitted.  We are only doing ourselves a disservice by trying to suppress thoughts and feelings, however intellectually distasteful we may find them, that we are experiencing.</p>
<p>If one wants to study a community as an external observer, so be it.  But a more resourceful subject of study, in my opinion, is the interaction between cultures that takes place, the hierarchy implicit in the researchers presence, the emotional reactions, <b>on both sides</b>, between researcher and researched.  Let&#8217;s study the personal experiences of people&#8217;s interactions, as people in a global context, without separation between researcher and subject, and see what they have to offer us. </p>
<p>Malinowski&#8217;s journals are fascinating because they offer a deeper view into the whole experience of the time and place where they were written.  If anthropologists want to really practice cultural-relativism let&#8217;s stop acting like we&#8217;ll somehow disrupt a fragile culture with our advanced ideas of human rights and individual freedom and start acting like we&#8217;re people too, as ignorant as anyone else, with different ideas that are no more valid than those we&#8217;re studying. We&#8217;re full of emotional reactions, which are often the result of the same processes we are trying to study, and by protecting people from them we&#8217;re only implying that our thoughts are somehow superior.</p>
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		<title>By: Ozma</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-488</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ozma]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jun 2005 20:56:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-488</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I don&#039;t know what a lamb flap is, but Rex does -- see his &quot;two anthropologists and one piece of meat&quot; post of several days ago.  I appreciate what Bob says about our role as anthropos(es) [anthropi?] versus our role as anthropologists, but I still find myself smacking up sometimes against the lack of fit between the generous spirit of anthropological scholarship and the spirit of this particular historical hour. As for always tracking qui bono, it&#039;s a good rule of thumb but seems less applicable in circumstances where some motivations seem, well, perverse.  Maybe one could design a course on contemporary U.S. culture and call it &quot;abnormal anthropology&quot;]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I don&#8217;t know what a lamb flap is, but Rex does &#8212; see his &#8220;two anthropologists and one piece of meat&#8221; post of several days ago.  I appreciate what Bob says about our role as anthropos(es) [anthropi?] versus our role as anthropologists, but I still find myself smacking up sometimes against the lack of fit between the generous spirit of anthropological scholarship and the spirit of this particular historical hour. As for always tracking qui bono, it&#8217;s a good rule of thumb but seems less applicable in circumstances where some motivations seem, well, perverse.  Maybe one could design a course on contemporary U.S. culture and call it &#8220;abnormal anthropology&#8221;</p>
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		<title>By: Nancy</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-480</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nancy]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jun 2005 14:10:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-480</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Patrick; thanks for coming by and &quot;dabbling&quot;. What you say may be true in some cultural contexts but I&#039;m not convinced that it&#039;s universal. I think it would have a lot to do with particular conceptions of what are the likely consequences of one&#039;s actions, of the people one interacts with, and so forth. We are also, I guess, dealing with short-term vs long-term &quot;payouts&quot; and the value placed on the various potential consequences. Understanding &quot;why&quot; people do stupid, mean things, as Bob says, can help us understand those intricacies from both a societal and individual point of view.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Patrick; thanks for coming by and &#8220;dabbling&#8221;. What you say may be true in some cultural contexts but I&#8217;m not convinced that it&#8217;s universal. I think it would have a lot to do with particular conceptions of what are the likely consequences of one&#8217;s actions, of the people one interacts with, and so forth. We are also, I guess, dealing with short-term vs long-term &#8220;payouts&#8221; and the value placed on the various potential consequences. Understanding &#8220;why&#8221; people do stupid, mean things, as Bob says, can help us understand those intricacies from both a societal and individual point of view.</p>
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		<title>By: Patrick</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-479</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Patrick]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jun 2005 12:58:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-479</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Not an anthropologist, but a mere law student who dabbles in other fields, but it seems to me that there isn&#039;t so much of a contradiction there.  Pettiness, meanness, and willful ignorance may in fact be rational ways of reacting to the world, in the sense that the petty, mean, willfully ignorant person gets a payout from being that way that may exceed the payout from being a &quot;better human being,&quot; so to speak.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Not an anthropologist, but a mere law student who dabbles in other fields, but it seems to me that there isn&#8217;t so much of a contradiction there.  Pettiness, meanness, and willful ignorance may in fact be rational ways of reacting to the world, in the sense that the petty, mean, willfully ignorant person gets a payout from being that way that may exceed the payout from being a &#8220;better human being,&#8221; so to speak.</p>
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		<title>By: Bob</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-470</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bob]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2005 23:20:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-470</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Well, drat: My brown belt in Google is to no avail; I&#039;ve been unable to find the Spedding article reproduced on-line. If anyone &lt;em&gt;does&lt;/em&gt; find it, please do toss up a URL.

Way back in the mid-90&#039;s, when I was a God-fearing, girl-loving Boy Scout, I had a great scoutmaster who was wise in the ways of this world. (To this day, the Boy Scouts of America still get my vote for awesomest. homophobic institution. evar.) Scoutmaster Swift pretty much &lt;em&gt;never&lt;/em&gt; got angry at any of the Scouts, no matter what they did. Play tug of war with an axe? Get a mild rebuke. Pee right outside the tent in the middle of the night? Have a calm discussion about why this might not be such a good idea. I asked him, once, how he kept such a cool head. His answer: Everything a person does makes sense to them at the time; when you understand &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; a person behaves the way they do, it&#039;s impossible to be angry.

I think a similar attitude applies in anthro work: Cultural relativism isn&#039;t an anything-goes moral relativism; neither is it some sort of mythical po-mo/quantum theory rejection of the idea of objective truth. It&#039;s just the admission that we humans all have pretty darned similar brains, and as such, we can understand one another, but only if we recognise this equivalence. Like my old Scoutmaster, once we understand, we can definitely disagree with and fight against acts and practices (to fail to do so would be to deny our commonality by refusing to operate on the level of other human beings), but we aren&#039;t in a position to condemn people or peoples.

Traditional ethnography, as an attempt to understand, usually omits moral commentary as this isn&#039;t particularly pertinent (or so the old theory goes). But this doesn&#039;t mean that anthropologists have necessarily had a bland, value-free outlook on the world: Malinowski&#039;s diary; Boas&#039; and Mead&#039;s outspoken activism; Benedict&#039;s service to the US military.

So, yeah: I think anthropologists &lt;em&gt;can&lt;/em&gt; say that. (Though, I&#039;d say that an anthropological attitude would go beyond &#039;This is stupid and mean.&#039; to &#039;This is stupid and mean... I wonder why they do it.&#039;) Heck, I think they &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt;. (Full disclosure helps us greatly in evaluating the ways in which ethnographers&#039; attitudes may have biased their work.)

But as for what then? I think that&#039;s more your job as an anthropos than as an anthropolog&lt;em&gt;ist&lt;/em&gt;.

By the way... What&#039;s a lamb flap?]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well, drat: My brown belt in Google is to no avail; I&#8217;ve been unable to find the Spedding article reproduced on-line. If anyone <em>does</em> find it, please do toss up a URL.</p>
<p>Way back in the mid-90&#8217;s, when I was a God-fearing, girl-loving Boy Scout, I had a great scoutmaster who was wise in the ways of this world. (To this day, the Boy Scouts of America still get my vote for awesomest. homophobic institution. evar.) Scoutmaster Swift pretty much <em>never</em> got angry at any of the Scouts, no matter what they did. Play tug of war with an axe? Get a mild rebuke. Pee right outside the tent in the middle of the night? Have a calm discussion about why this might not be such a good idea. I asked him, once, how he kept such a cool head. His answer: Everything a person does makes sense to them at the time; when you understand <em>why</em> a person behaves the way they do, it&#8217;s impossible to be angry.</p>
<p>I think a similar attitude applies in anthro work: Cultural relativism isn&#8217;t an anything-goes moral relativism; neither is it some sort of mythical po-mo/quantum theory rejection of the idea of objective truth. It&#8217;s just the admission that we humans all have pretty darned similar brains, and as such, we can understand one another, but only if we recognise this equivalence. Like my old Scoutmaster, once we understand, we can definitely disagree with and fight against acts and practices (to fail to do so would be to deny our commonality by refusing to operate on the level of other human beings), but we aren&#8217;t in a position to condemn people or peoples.</p>
<p>Traditional ethnography, as an attempt to understand, usually omits moral commentary as this isn&#8217;t particularly pertinent (or so the old theory goes). But this doesn&#8217;t mean that anthropologists have necessarily had a bland, value-free outlook on the world: Malinowski&#8217;s diary; Boas&#8217; and Mead&#8217;s outspoken activism; Benedict&#8217;s service to the US military.</p>
<p>So, yeah: I think anthropologists <em>can</em> say that. (Though, I&#8217;d say that an anthropological attitude would go beyond &#8216;This is stupid and mean.&#8217; to &#8216;This is stupid and mean&#8230; I wonder why they do it.&#8217;) Heck, I think they <em>should</em>. (Full disclosure helps us greatly in evaluating the ways in which ethnographers&#8217; attitudes may have biased their work.)</p>
<p>But as for what then? I think that&#8217;s more your job as an anthropos than as an anthropolog<em>ist</em>.</p>
<p>By the way&#8230; What&#8217;s a lamb flap?</p>
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		<title>By: John</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-466</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[John]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2005 20:37:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-466</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Here&#039;s a link to the article in &lt;a href=&quot;http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0268-540X%28199904%2915%3A2%3C11%3ADOLLIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;JSTOR&lt;/a&gt; and in &lt;a href=&quot;http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=aph&#038;an=1835914&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Academic Search Premier&lt;/a&gt;, for those with institutional access.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Here&#8217;s a link to the article in <a href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0268-540X%28199904%2915%3A2%3C11%3ADOLLIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C" rel="nofollow">JSTOR</a> and in <a href="http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=aph&amp;an=1835914" rel="nofollow">Academic Search Premier</a>, for those with institutional access.</p>
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		<title>By: anthronaut</title>
		<link>/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/comment-page-1/#comment-1581</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[anthronaut]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov -0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/2005/06/23/look-on-the-bright-side-of-life/#comment-1581</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&lt;!--%kramer-pre%--&gt;one central question in anthropological work and any inter-cultural observations and judgements:   Should we say what is wrong or just let it be “their cultural background”. I agree with the summary message on savageminds.org especially with this passage &lt;!--%kramer-post--&gt;]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--%kramer-pre%-->one central question in anthropological work and any inter-cultural observations and judgements:   Should we say what is wrong or just let it be “their cultural background”. I agree with the summary message on savageminds.org especially with this passage <!--%kramer-post--></p>
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